Meaning from a Stylistic Point of View Essay

In stylistics meaning assumes prime importance. Because meaning is applied not only to words, word-combinations, sentences but also to the manner of expression. At certain moment meaning was excluded from observation in language science because it was considered an extra-linguistic category. The term â€Å"semantic invariant† was proposed as a substitute for meaning by R. Jakobson. The main problem of meaning which deals with is the interrelation between meaning and concept, meaning and sign, meaning and referent. Contextual meaning is a meaning viewed as a category which is able to acquire meanings imposed on the words by context. In stylistics is important discriminate shades and nuances of meaning, the components of which are called semes. Lexical meaning differs from grammatical meaning. Lexical meaning refers to some concrete concept, phenomenon or thing of the objective reality (real or imaginary). Grammatical meaning refers to relations between words or constructions. It is also called â€Å"structural meaning† Polysemanticism is a linguistic category . We perceive meaning as a representation of a definite concept by means of a word. But we state that the same concept may be expressed by different meanings that belong to the same word. Words have polysemantic meaning (several lexical meanings) . It becomes a crucial issue for stylistic studies to observe the multitude of meaning. And that is not limited in the dictionaries and no matter how rich in meaning a word may be leaves the door open for new shades and nuances and even for independent meanings. Semiotics is the science that deals with the general theory of signs. A sign is a material object (phenomenon, action) appearing in the process of cognition and communication in the capacity of a substitute of another object(s) and used for receiving, storing, recasting and transforming information about the object. The signs are used in a system and that system is called a code. Sign’s conventional, arbitrary character is one of its most important features. The language system follows a certain distinctive features and they are : after been established it circulates for some period of time and it becomes resistant to substitutions. The definition of a word is a unit of language functioning within the sentence by its sounds or graphic form expresses some notion. Words are capable of enriching its semantic structure by acquiring new meanings, or also could losing old meanings. The very nature of the word causes a difficulty to be explained the semantic structure. In stylistics a word has almost no limit for acquiring new meanings, whereas in lexicology is restricted. And here comes the issue well-known contradiction between the scientific (abstract) perception of a phenomenon and the secondary artistic perception of the same phenomenon. Max Born, a physicist, has it somewhat differently : â€Å"The representatives of one group do not want to reject or to sacrifice the idea of the absolute and therefore remain faithful to everything subjective. They create a picture of the world which is not the result of a systemic method, but of the unexplained activity of religious, artistic or poetic expressions of other people. Here reign religious zeal, aspirations to brotherhood, and often fanaticism, intolerance and the suppression of intellect†¦The representatives of opposing group, on the contrary, reject the idea of the absolute. They discover frequently with horror that inner feeling cannot be expressed in comprehensible forms. † Adjectives are more abstract in meaning than nouns. Adverbs are considered to be more abstract than adjectives. Conjunctions and prepositions got higher degree of abstractness. Meanings could be divided into three types: logical, emotive and nominal.

California Pizza Kitchen Case Study Essay

California Pizza Kitchen was first created in 1985 in Beverly Hills, California. By 2007 there were 213 locations throughout 28 states and 6 countries. Although 41% of the stores were based in California, keeping with the restaurants theme, the dining model flourished throughout the United States. For the second quarter of 2007, although they were faced with industry challenges such as raised commodity, labor and energy costs, they were still expected to break quarterly records with over $6 million in profits. Although they experienced good performance, the share price had declined 10% to a current value of $22.10. Susan Collyns, CFO, and her team were faced with the decision of a share repurchase program. They had little money in excess cash though, so a repurchase agreement would mean debt financing. A share repurchase would send a positive signal to the market, with future values expected to be high. The financial team also needs to decide on the appropriate capital structure. Because of the low interest rates, CPK can issue the debt needed for a repurchase agreement at a low cost. Also because they have no previous debt, this would not be a large risk and it will in fact increase the value of CPK due to decreased taxes, which comes from the tax shield. The leverage from exhibit 9 has different effects for return on equity and cost of capital. For return on equity, as you increase leverage, the ROE increases as well. At 10% debt/capital, ROE is 9.52%, 20% debt/capital, ROE is 10.19%, and 30% debt/capital, ROE is 11.05%. Using the beta equation to find the effect on cost of equity, you can see that it increases as well when the leverage increases. For 10% debt/capital, the beta of equity is .87 and cost of equity is 14.34%, 20% debt/capital, beta equity is .89 and cost of equity is 14.56%, lastly 30% debt/capital, beta equity is .915 and cost of equity is 14.84%. These increases also mean an increase in risk of the company because of the additional debt taken on. When taking into consideration the WACC equation, there will be an overall decrease in cost of equity to the firm because of the low cost of debt and the additional tax shield. When finding share prices, it is evident they will increase with each debt/capital percent. At 10% debt/capital, the price of stock will go up to $22.35, which is a 1.13% increase in price, and allows the buy back of 1.01 million shares. At 20% debt/capital structure, the price will move up to $22.60, a 2.26% increase  and can buy back 1.99 million shares. Lastly, a 30% debt/capital, the price will move to $22.86, a 2.99% increase and allow the buy back of 2.97 million shares. Again, the added value to the firm can be attributed to the present value of the tax shield that debt allows them to capture. So this allows for the buy back of shares at the new price. In my opinion, I think Susan Collyns should choose the 20% debt/capital structure. Under this structure, they should partake in a share repurchase program and buy back around 1.99 million shares. This will allow for an increase in share price that would please shareholders. There is not a huge level of risk involved in the 20% structure, it leaves room for future expansion but moderates how much debt taken on.

Marxist Perspective About the Family

Discuss the Marxist Perspective on the Family The Marxist feminists use Marxist concepts to explain their belief that the family is actually leading to the exploitation of women. Women have certain roles in the family which aren’t being paid by the government and the Marxist feminists see this as women are getting abused. Such roles are the caring of their children, attending needs of the husband and serve as an emotional safety-valve for the husband from the frustration of work. Friedrich Engels (1884) traces the origins of the family and the evolution of the family through time.He argues that as the mode of production change, so does the family. The early stages of human evaluation states that the means of production where communally owned, such the family, did not exists. Individuals lived in groups which were characterized by promiscuity. There were no rules limiting sexual relationships and therefore the community was like a 1 big whole family. Another Marxist who argues that the family is instrumental to the capitalist economy is Eli Zaretsky (1976).He believed that that the family was unable to provide physiological and personal needs which allow the proletariat (workers) to cope with the pressures of capitalism. The family aerates the illusion that private life of the family is separate from the economy but in actual fact, the family is supporting capitalism by producing future workers for the capitalists, consuming the products of the capitalists. Consequently this allows the capitalists to keep the profits up. For Zaretsky the family is a major problem to the capitalist economy.The socialization in the Marxist view is that the family socializes children into accepting values of capitalism, which to be clear with the status/level within hierarchy. The bourgeois nuclear family emerged with capitalism, this leads to the patriarchal power of male to be dominating the inheritance property. Women, on the opposite side, would be powerless for any deci sions to be made within the family but only to obey. Females would have more domestic work at home whilst males are working, communicating and socializing more outside.They rear children and look after their husbands due to the non-costly domestic works/choirs. Families also act as a safety valve toward those bourgeoisie men, which diverts their stress, anger and frustration. Meanwhile, Marxists also state their perspective of males would be less likely to go on strike throughout families play an important role to take responsibilities of them. As in unit of consumption, families consume goods and services that provided by the capitalism. The Marxist view doesn't take in part of the family diversity; they believe that the nuclear family is determined by our economy.As a conclusion to this, we can say that the nuclear family didn’t actually coincide with the emergence of the capitalism. We can also say the Marxist view ignores family diversity and it sees the nuclear family as being simply determined by the economy. Marxist approaches often assume the existence of a traditional model of the nuclear family and may exaggerate the harm done to women by families. They tend to portray women as the passive victims of capitalist and patriarchal exploitation. Marxist disregards positive aspects in family life.

Aurora Leigh and The Odyssey

Aurora Leigh and The Odyssey Essay In Elizabeth Barrett Brownings Aurora Leigh the conquest of the feminine is present, though its form ridiculed and its male perpetrators abased so that some measure of equity between the sexes can be achieved. Not present is the one sided subjugation which features prominently in The Odyssey, for in her adaptation of the epic form, the now female protagonist conquers and is subtly conquered herself. The Odyssey presents masculine heroism (partially) predicated on the oppression of women; for a hero to even project some semblance of authority, he must be the master of his home. The home however is the domain of women and thus the inference is made ad hoc ergo propter hoc. Odysseus conquers both mortal (Penelope) and immortal (Circe) women, while conquering (resisting) the lure of the Sirens. Even the goddess Athena is enamoured with his wit and wily charm, sending aid or bringing it in person. Thus the whole of the feminine world, both perceived and sublime is at his command, either directly or indirectly conquered. All the women he conquers make the hero, pushing him to his greatest potential. They instil in him courage, ambition and humility, and are thus integral Odysseus very being a hero. The Greek ideal of the hero therefore bases itself on dominion over the female sex. Telemachus follows this path also, for no hero he would be if he had not established social order at home with his mother, nor hanged the treacherous maids. Elizabeth Barrett Browning shows women as able in their own right however. No longer are they confined to womanly chores, but can be artists, intellectuals, they can succeed in the ultimate domain of men. A full and willing surrender to fate is not in order, the protagonist and hero or Aurora Leigh being both headstrong and female. Both the baser, in Lady Waldemar and pure, in Mariam sides of womanly nature are shown. It can be inferred that Browning means to caution while promoting freedom, for some human instincts must be controlled. Female strength however, is sometimes found in the most unlikely of places, among the denizens of brothels and hovels, in Mariam. She, having been abandoned by Romney, denies him marriage when he returns many years later proposing this. Thus Browning alters form, in her poetic justice, Romney must be rebuked, and soundly so. Another Greek dogma is abandoned with her differentiating between love and rape, love being an entity that cannot be forced upon one party. Aurora is her own woman, writing poetry for a living, and even acting as a benefactor to Mirian, a decidedly male role. Love is not conquest, nor conquest love she says: When we learn to lose ourselves, and melt like white pearls in anothers wine , equating love with a soft stupor, yet one for the better, where the self of one becomes the whole of two. Aurora struggles to assert herself, yet does so, even though the hostile forces of her aunt and Romney try to hold her back. The departure from the style of The Odyssey however is not complete, Browning muses that no epic of true value and meaning can Aurora write, museless as she is (without Romney). She finds her poetic inspiration reconciling love and her poetry (a symbol of her independence); feminist thought was not so radical in Brownings time. However, there is a clause to be fulfilled for the reconciliation to be fulfilled, Romney, once so strong and sure of himself, must be humbled. He previously sought to double himself in what he loves, and make his drink more costly by our pearls This train of thought was however equivalent to the Odysseian archetype and thus cannot be upheld in Brownings epic; change is in her opinion necessary. Aurora acknowledges her own weakness in love, and succumbs to it, but is self-critical in doing so, realising her own folly. Portraying Aurora so, Browning can be considered an early feminist, and her thought radical for her age. However, she also meant to comment on Victorian society, and its hypocritical views on women and the home. READ: Characteristics of an epic hero EssayHers was the age of Victoria, of prudish behaviour, where one slip, one impropriety meant ones end. Yet at the same time, there was a surplus of women, and as often follows, a proliferation of prostitution. Marian herself becomes one, but Browning meant her not to be viewed as vile, but rather with compassion. Society made the woman, and her strength in persevering should be glorified rather than her actions vilified. In Brownings narrative, it is not only the women who are humbled, but also the men. Romney did not see clearly what Aurora deserved, and thus he is blinded literally so that he can accept and acknowledge what she means to him. He mistook his own heart, and that slip was fatal , as did Aurora, and thus they both conquer each other, entering a relationship of equals. The feminine is conquered in Aurora Leigh, but not in the sense that it was in The Odyssey. Women as heroes can agree to be conquered, once both they and their lovers have grown morally, and shed the false skin that is the collection of judgements society makes of them, and in turn expects them to believe.

Compare and contrast intellectual property rights in two regions Essay

Compare and contrast intellectual property rights in two regions. Comment on the difficulties faced in an increasingly globalised world - Essay Example Almost all the organizations whether large of small, national or multinational, and industrial or artistic develop logos, draw designs and introduce some brands that serve as the identity mark of their company. Intellectual property is the identity mark of an individual, a company, an organization or an industry, over which the creator contains complete and unconditional rights. The statute of law provides protection to such property in favour of the originator, and claim over this type of property without referencing to the devisor is against the statute of law and liable to be punishment. Copyright Act, Trademark Ordinance and Patents Ordinance provide protection to intellectual property rights. Different countries have devised various sets of law in order to protect intellectual property rights. Though the main objective behind all the states of the globe is to provide a complete and comprehensive scheme to the inventor of an intellectual product, yet the policies and laws vary from country to country. The same is the case with the United Kingdom and Pakistan, where the political authorities have passed distinguished intellectual property laws for the protection of intellectual rights. Once ruled over the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent, the UK introduced many legal acts like Civil & Criminal Procedural Codes, Sales of Goods, Arbitration Law, Contract Act 1872, Companies Ordinance and others. But after the partition of India in 1947, the independent Pakistani Republic passed new statutes of law including Intellectual Property Ordinance and others. It is therefore, significant variation could be observed between the IPR of both the above described countries. Before embarking up on the topic, it would be appropriate to define the types of intellectual property: Copyright consists of sections of art and literature including prose

Irony in Silas Marner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Irony in Silas Marner - Essay Example This paper illustrates that from the very start of the movie "Silas Marner" Silas feels sympathetic for the cobbler’s wife as she was suffering from the same disease which claimed Silas’ mother’s life. He prepares a herbal concoction and gives it to her which effectively cures her. Seeing this, the townsmen start believing that Sally possesses some special powers and they begin offering him money and silver to get treatment for various diseases. Turned down by Silas, the people start to fear his healing powers and limit their interaction with him. Therefore even though Silas cures Sally Oates, he finds himself in isolation because of his noble deed. Further, into the movie, we see the growing love of Eppie for Silas. Eppie loves Silas more than anything in the world and wanted to stay with him always. Godfrey was Eppie’s real father and together with Nancy, he wanted to have Eppie back with him; however Eppie had previously told Godfrey that she would neve r leave her ‘father’ and that’s where the irony lies because in reality she refuses to stay with his real father and prefers to stay with Silas who had given her love and affection. Dunstan Cass has been portrayed as a villain in the story. Throughout the movie, he is seen to be surrounded by evil and sin. He steals Silas Marner’s money, blackmails Godfrey and always appears to be motivated by greed and selfishness. He considers himself superior to others and constantly brags that whenever he falls, he lands upright. The irony lies in the fact that Dunstan suffers death in the way he has always bragged about. He falls into a stone pit and drowns. Irony also lies in the theme of Interdependence of Faith and Community. In the entire movie, we see faith and community closely linked with each other. The place where he lives, people share similar beliefs. Therefore when Silas loses his faith, we see him abandoned by the community as well. The faith of Silas in the Supreme Being has a close association with his faith in the society.

Art style comparsion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Art style comparsion - Assignment Example In the comparing of the two images, the techniques employed in drawing are quite different according to texture and the final product view. The most fascinating part about this drawing is that the abstractive drawing can express the qualities of the expressive drawing. During the painting of the two drawings, the artists may have a similar goal to achieve a good image that expresses a hidden message. An abstract art may be portraying beauty like in the image provided above. Actually many abstract arts occur as a hidden beauty of art from a rough draft design. To many, thou the image is designed roughly the painting is beautiful. When it comes to an expressive art, the painting certainly portrays the name. Beauty is a compared issue to the abstractive act. The expressive art shows more meaning of the photo and emotions on the painting are the first capture tools to the viewer. The two images deliver a lot to the