Marketing Mistakes and Successes - 175322 Words

ELEVENTH EDITION MARKETING MISTAKES AND SUCCESSES 30TH ANNIVERSARY Robert F. Hartley Cleveland State University JOHN WILEY SONS, INC. VICE PRESIDENT PUBLISHER EXECUTIVE EDITOR ASSISTANT EDITOR PRODUCTION MANAGER PRODUCTION ASSISTANT EXECUTIVE MARKETING MANAGER ASSISTANT MARKETING MANAGER MARKETING ASSISTANT DESIGN DIRECTOR SENIOR DESIGNER SENIOR MEDIA EDITOR George Hoffman Lise Johnson Carissa Doshi Dorothy Sinclair Matt Winslow Amy Scholz Carly DeCandia Alana Filipovich Jeof Vita Arthur Medina Allison Morris This book was set in 10/12 New Caledonia by Aptara ®, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/Westford. The cover was printed by Courier/Westford. This book is printed on acid-free†¦show more content†¦While mistakes provide valuable learning insights, we can also learn from successes and find nuggets by comparing the unsuccessful with the successful. With the addition of Google and Starbucks, we have moved Entrepreneurial Adventures up to the front of the book. We have continued Marketing Wars, which many of you recommended, and reinstated Comebacks of firms iii iv †¢ Preface rising from adversity. I have also brought back Ethical Mistakes, because I believe that organizations more than ever need to be responsive to society’s best interests. Altogether, this 11th edition brings seven new cases to replace seven that were deleted from the previous edition. Some of the cases are so current we continued updating until the manuscript left for the production process. We have tried to keep all cases as current as possible by using Postscripts, Later Developments, and Updates. A number of you have asked that I identify which cases would be appropriate for the traditional coverage of topics as organized in typical marketing texts. With most cases it is not possible to truly compartmentalize the mistake or success to merely one topic. The patterns of success or failure tend to be more pervasive. Still, I think you will find the following classification of cases by subject matter to be helpful. I thank those of you who made this and otherShow MoreRelatedEssay On Successful Home Business792 Words   |  4 Pagesis, are there too many competitors in the area that you plan to offer the product or service? Can you offer something that has no comparison and at the same time generate profits? By analyzing the competition, you can learn from your failures and successes. Focus on a niche market Needless to say, it can not be everything for everyone and can not make everyone happy, no matter how hard they try. Therefore, try to focus your business on a specific segment of the population. 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American Imperialism - 797 Words

Associate Program Material Appendix A American Imperialism Part 1 Complete the chart by identifying the following: Identify the countries or areas where the United States engaged in countries or areas where the United States engaged in imperialistic actions during the period from about 1870 to 1914. Discuss why each area was important to American empire building—political, economic, and social. Explain America’s expansionist ideals. What were some factors that justified American imperialist actions? Identify the current political status of these places in relation to the United States. Age of Imperialism: 1870 to 1914 Place | Why was there interest? | U.S. actions | Status today | EXAMPLE:Alaska | The U.S.†¦show more content†¦The Spanish war gave the United States an empire. At the end of the Spanish war the United States took Spanish colonies such as Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and many other islands. The creation of the American Empire leads to the end of the Spanish Empire. The United States wanted to build up the countries so that markets would open up and purchase American goods and to improve the American economy. Do you think the United States is currently an imperialist country? Why or why not? No I do not think the United States is an imperialist Country. We do not try or even want to take over any other countries. We want to buy their products instead, and sell our products to them. Also when the United States attacks another country it is out of defense, we only support wars that are in self-defense. During WWI we took no possessions as our own, and prevented others from doing this. During WWII we helped to rebuild Japan and Germany instead of taking control, and returned full power to the Filipino Government. In the Korea and Vietnam War we came to the aide of both countries. During the Afghanistan war we fought and are still assisting then Government until we are no longer needed. 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While these beliefs not only supported and manifested the perpetual effort to exploit and later completely oppress and subjugate the Native American populations within its borders, they also supported the later establishment of reservations and the practice of Native American boarding school education. But, AmericanRead MoreAmerican Imperialism And Expansion Of America Essay943 Words   |  4 Pages American Imperialism and Expansion What is American Imperialism? It is the influences that the United States makes on other countries. Some of the influences are economics, military, and culture. Expansionism is conquering those countries and taking over the land. Without imperialism and expansionism, our county would not be as big and productive as it is in today s society. In the nineteenth century, Many Americans saw western expansionism as the nation s manifest destiny. It

Principles of communication in adult social care setting free essay sample

Explain how communication affects relationships in an adult social care setting Relationships are important within a social care setting as residents need to feel that are in an environment where they are able to communicate confidence to any ember of staff. Communications between all staff are equally important due to changes to the needs of certain residents in relations to their care and support they need to receive. Communication is also used in informing doctors, social workers and other medical professions about changes with residents for example if: Mr smith medication had been changed and he was reacting to it, we could ring the doctors for help and advice for the best solution to help Mr Smith. . Understand how to meet communication and language needs, wishes and preferences of an individual . 1 Compare ways to establish the communication and language needs, wishes and preference of an individual There are different ways to establish communication with an individual by using verbal or non-verbal communication for example non-verbal communication such as sign language as people who are hard of hearing may be reassured by the use of sign. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of communication in adult social care setting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Interpreters can be used to help language barriers by ensuring all care and wishes are being protected such as religious rules and preferences. Together with this your body language is equally important as the way e present ourselves to people can set the tone of the conversation we are about to have. Verbal communication can also be used to ensure all needs, wishes and conversation with the resident. 2. Describe the factors to consider when promoting effective communication There are loads of different factors to consider when promoting effective communication, such as the hearing ability of the person in which you are talking to, the sight as many people follow your mouth while they are being spoke to if they are hard of hearing, the tone of your voice help explain the reason for the conversation. Speaking on the same level to help the resident from feeling intimidated. The environment is also a massive contributor in helping promote effective communication such as family and friends, or even what you hear on the radio or see on the television this can help by Just hearing someones voice or seeing things on the television you may feel that you are not alone and can comfort residence that may like to spend time within their own space, it can also help by following story lines within society 2. 3 Describe a range of communication methods and styles to meet individual needs. Different communication styles and methods while ensuring you meet the needs of an individual can be meet in different ways such as looking into someones eyes helps to establish there mood and feeling by the way they are looking to what youre saying, there face can help explain how they are understanding what you are saying to them and can also indicate if they are in any pain or discomfort, tone of voice can also set the tone for the conversation weather it is informal or a formal conversation. Touch can also help to meet the needs of the individual as though touching someone ou can send different vibes such as care, affection, reassurance or even power over them. Body language is a other way to communicate to help meet the needs of an individual by sitting on the same level as someone you can make the situation more relaxed than standing tall over them which could make them feel intimidated. Research has shown that people pay more attention to facial expressions and tone of voice than spoken words, also behaviour is also an important as you must respect the individual no matter what day you are having you must remember that you need to emain professional. You can also communicate using verbal communication such as different styles of vocabulary, pitch and even the pitch of you voice while speaking to an individual. 2. Explain why it is important to respond to an individuals reaction when communicating It is important to respond to an individuals reactions while communicating with them as they may become scared, worried or even not understand what is been asked or said to them. They may also need to be comforted understand what is been asked or said, you can do this by nodding your head, aking eye contact or even repeating what has been said in the conversation. 3. Understand how to overcome barriers to communication

The Effects of Clumbus Arrival in the Americas Essay Example For Students

The Effects of Clumbus Arrival in the Americas Essay The Effects of Columbus’ Arrival in the America’sIn order to understand the effects of Christopher Columbus’ arrival in the Americas, one must first understand the native populous’ level of technology, as well as their cultural background. In this essay you will find first hand accounts as written by the people that were with Columbus when he landed, as well as documentation from his hand. The point of this essay is not to degrade an explorer of new lands, but to show that he, like so many other explorers, assumed that the native peoples to be primitive because of their relative lack of â€Å"modern† technology.Unfortunately, we assume that our culture is always the best, this essay will also prove that that can be false. We will write a custom essay on The Effects of Clumbus Arrival in the Americas specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now After the voyage across the Atlantic Ocean, Columbus was sure that he’d found the Far East, when in fact he’d discovered the Caribbean Islands. Upon his subsequent exploration of these islands he wrote â€Å"When I Juana (Cuba) I followed it west-wardly, and found it so large that I thought it might be the mainland province of Cathay.† This proved that he truly did believe Cuba to be part of the Far East. Soon this was changed when he further explored the island when he was forced to harbor for the winter. His exploration initially consisted of two men, whom he sent â€Å"to learn if there were a king or any great cities,† to his surprise, they returned saying that they had â€Å"Found interminable small villages and a numberless population, but nought of ruling authority† (Johnson 9).One is then lead to believe that the Europeans decided the natives were uncivilized, for they had no ruling authority over the land.Their lack of a formal government t o their eyes, as well as the luck of the use of metals, only served to increase the arrogance of Columbus’ men. The native reaction in Columbus’ eyes once a small amount of communication was achieved was one of a friendly child, for as he wrote â€Å"they never say no, but do rather invite the person to accept all manner of things† so much so that Columbus was forced to forbid his men from trading shards of glass for pieces of gold. In Columbus’ own words these people were â€Å"incurably timid† and â€Å"artless† as well as â€Å"senseless brutes.† He not once thought that they were happy in their ignorance of western ways, but instead wrote that the only reason he forbade his men from swindling them with the shards of glass for gold was only â€Å"in order that they may conceive affection,† (Johnson 10) for Columbus’ real goal was that of wealth and he knew that if you cause the very people you are wishing to gain wealth from to feel as though you get the better ‘shake’ they will resent you and cease your relationship. This was and still a great way to do business, as those who you trade with must feel that in return for their goods, they are receiving a greater service.Yet another result of Columbus’ discovery was the influx of missionaries, soldiers, and other Europeans. No matter what you read, Europeans came to the New World for gold, and to fulfill their need to spread the Catholic religion. The spread of the Catholic religion had little effect on the populace, as they already believed that the gods lived in the sky (Johnson 10), so it was not much of a stretch. Once again this shows the arrogance of the Europeans in their dealings with these natives, that in their eyes every thing European was better then the natives. This is further demonstrated by the Aztec mistreatment at the hands of Cortez. .u6b3b0eb401b06629ac1b265c2d58ad28 , .u6b3b0eb401b06629ac1b265c2d58ad28 .postImageUrl , .u6b3b0eb401b06629ac1b265c2d58ad28 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6b3b0eb401b06629ac1b265c2d58ad28 , .u6b3b0eb401b06629ac1b265c2d58ad28:hover , .u6b3b0eb401b06629ac1b265c2d58ad28:visited , .u6b3b0eb401b06629ac1b265c2d58ad28:active { border:0!important; } .u6b3b0eb401b06629ac1b265c2d58ad28 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6b3b0eb401b06629ac1b265c2d58ad28 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6b3b0eb401b06629ac1b265c2d58ad28:active , .u6b3b0eb401b06629ac1b265c2d58ad28:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6b3b0eb401b06629ac1b265c2d58ad28 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6b3b0eb401b06629ac1b265c2d58ad28 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6b3b0eb401b06629ac1b265c2d58ad28 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6b3b0eb401b06629ac1b265c2d58ad28 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6b3b0eb401b06629ac1b265c2d58ad28:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6b3b0eb401b06629ac1b265c2d58ad28 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6b3b0eb401b06629ac1b265c2d58ad28 .u6b3b0eb401b06629ac1b265c2d58ad28-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6b3b0eb401b06629ac1b265c2d58ad28:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Leadership Definition EssayNot all Europeans were completely arrogant, one shining example would be Bernal Diaz del Castillo. Through out his letters and essays, his accounts of his meetings with the natives are very objective, almost nice. He speaks kindly of Montezuma, and his escort, neither making jokes at their expense, nor painting them in a wrong light (Johnson 15-26). Initially there was a cultural clash as demonstrated in the following quote â€Å"Cortez, through Dona Maria, offered him his right hand, and Montezuma did not wish to take it, but he did give his hand to Cortez† (Johnson 16).This showed that the Aztec leader in the name of friendship was willi ng to forgo his own customs, to ensure peace. Unfortunately instances like this were few and far between.The Laws of the Burgos, which were developed in 1512-13, is some of the most tragic methods of forced religion and slavery that I know of. These so called laws did little else than enslave a race for profit. Even though the writers hide behind statements like â€Å" it has become evident through long experience that nothing has sufficed to bring the said chiefs and Indians to a knowledge of our Faith (necessary for their salvation) since they are by nature inclined to idleness and vice,†(Sherman 296) as well as â€Å" Also we order and command that the citizen to whom the said Indians are given in their charge shall, upon the land assigned to him, be obliged to erect a structure to be used as a church,†(Sherman 296) showing their arrogance. You get the feeling from reading this that they at least thought they were doing good, but the very next paragraph they write à ¢â‚¬Å"it is our duty to seek a remedy for it in every way possible†¦. the most beneficial thing that could be done at present would be to remove the said chieftains and Indians,†(Sherman 296) which shows their only want was to remove these peoples from their land, and make them slaves. The Indians slavery was to be a harsh one, but not one that was completely barbaric, for even as the laws to enslave them came into being, the rules for the treatment of the native slaves also came about. For example, one of these very laws was† Every Sunday and obligatory feast day they may come there to church to pray and hear mass, and after mass they shall bring them back to the estates and feed them pots of cooked meat, in such wise that they eat better on that day then on any other†(Sherman 297). This is not to say that the natives were without what we would consider â€Å"barbaric† traditions. For instance there are many accounts on the treatment of their prisoners of war, one of which I will summarize shortly. As it turns out, a prisoner has a pretty good life. As it starts they are fed with the best food available, and the men are given wives, their captors will even allow their daughters and sisters to marry these prisoners. As soon as they’ve outlived their worth and are sufficiently fat, they are finally slain and eaten with great ceremony. To the prisoner it is a great honor to be defiant as well as jubilant in the face of your slayers (De Lery 122-133). We consider cannibalism a vile act, but when you have an entire continent that participates in the right, who were the Europeans to say it was wrong? Were not the Europeans also wrong in living in filth, because bathing was said to wash away the natural defenses of the earth? We do know today that cannibalism can lead to some bad diseases, but that was just a recent discovery. .u97d93d1e8dfe3dfe17cf345873984bc6 , .u97d93d1e8dfe3dfe17cf345873984bc6 .postImageUrl , .u97d93d1e8dfe3dfe17cf345873984bc6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u97d93d1e8dfe3dfe17cf345873984bc6 , .u97d93d1e8dfe3dfe17cf345873984bc6:hover , .u97d93d1e8dfe3dfe17cf345873984bc6:visited , .u97d93d1e8dfe3dfe17cf345873984bc6:active { border:0!important; } .u97d93d1e8dfe3dfe17cf345873984bc6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u97d93d1e8dfe3dfe17cf345873984bc6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u97d93d1e8dfe3dfe17cf345873984bc6:active , .u97d93d1e8dfe3dfe17cf345873984bc6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u97d93d1e8dfe3dfe17cf345873984bc6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u97d93d1e8dfe3dfe17cf345873984bc6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u97d93d1e8dfe3dfe17cf345873984bc6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u97d93d1e8dfe3dfe17cf345873984bc6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u97d93d1e8dfe3dfe17cf345873984bc6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u97d93d1e8dfe3dfe17cf345873984bc6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u97d93d1e8dfe3dfe17cf345873984bc6 .u97d93d1e8dfe3dfe17cf345873984bc6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u97d93d1e8dfe3dfe17cf345873984bc6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Loyalist And His Life EssayTo further demonstrate the arrogance of the European settlers, there are a few papers written on the reactions to what the Natives called religion. To start with the paper states that â€Å"there is no people so brutish, nor any nation so barbarous and savage, as to have no feeling that there is a divinity†(De Lery 134). Once again the â€Å"we are the only ones who are right† attitude of the Europeans is made apparent, by the previous statement. Upon further examination of the religion of the natives, this quote was found â€Å"not only do they believe in an immortal soul, but they also firmly maintain that after the death of th e bodies, the souls of those who’ve lived virtuously, †¦ go to dance with their ancestors, while on the contrary, those who have neglected the defense of their father land, go to Aygnan, by whom they say they say these unworthy ones are tormented†(De Lery 136). For the reasons stated above it is my belief that though the Native Americans were more primitive technologically, they were as civilized as the European explorers. The native’s lack of gunpowder left them unable to compete with the incoming invaders (Europeans). Both groups were extremely vicious, European medicine of the time, was the scariest thing out there, but the cannibalism of the natives was equally vicious. As bloody as the wars between the native peoples were, they did not hold a candle to the numerous people who were persecuted because of their religion, or way of following that religion, but not once to my knowledge did a Catholic ever eat a Protestant. Bibliography:

KU GPA Calculator Essays

KU GPA Calculator Essays KU GPA Calculator Paper KU GPA Calculator Paper KU GPA calculator is an instrument helping potential students to measure their chances to become a member of the University. KU is one of the largest state universities in the USA. It is one of the most advanced and progressive public research and teaching institutions in the country. There is a possibility to study various subjects and gain an education in many spheres. The facilities of the university impress. There are five campuses, library and small research centers enabling students to conduct their research projects. Here there is the National Cancer Institute located. Various educational programs and student exchange projects support and enforce the knowledge students of the KU. The diverse elements are interrelated with the aim to educate students. The University brings up leaders able to contribute to the development of science and society. The educational institution has gained a prestigious status as it brings up specialists in various fields of activity. If you have a de sire to become a member of progressive and innovative University, you have to be able to use college GPA calculator KU. This handy instrument will become an indispensable tool for every potential student trying to evaluate the proximity of getting the place in the higher educational institution of his or her dream. College GPA calculator KU GPA calculator KU is an app, which will help to decide on a place of study, which you can enter. This online program will help you to make a prognosis for future and focus on the University, which will correspond to the academic achievements. The purpose of the program is to calculate the average number based on the grades that you will probably receive. The calculator is useful both for graduate and undergraduate students, as it allows to trace the progress. For potential students, it serves as an app helping to calculate the average grade, which it is necessary to strive for, to get the opportunity to study at a particular institution. The option of calculating allows evaluating the current progress. It is possible to compare the â€Å"what if† GPA with a mark of recent year and determines what the chances to enter are. Use the cumulative GPA calculator KU, if you want to know whether you can become a student of this higher education institution. The University of Kansas KU GPA Calculator The University of Kansas KU GPA Calculator will help you to see, whether you need to put more efforts and study harder, or you are already good enough and should just keep on going. As is often the case, students plan their entering procedure and compile a list of potential places of studies. They monitor the last year ratings to discover what the average GPA is. The next step is to evaluate their potential GPA number to single out, whether their achievements match with the standards and demands of the admission committee. You can see whether there is a need to pay more efforts, or you can enter the University anyway. Be sure to receive mostly A’s and several B’s to be on the list of finalists. The instructions for the users of the app are simple. You need to fill in the places, mentioning the name, of course, credit hours and the â€Å"what if† grades. The program will make all the calculation and deliver the result. Be sure to be persistent and dedicated, and all your plans and expectation will come true!

Information Technology Management Degrees and Careers

Information Technology Management Degrees and Careers An information technology management degree, or IT management degree, is a type of postsecondary degree awarded to students who have completed a college, university, or business school program that focuses on teaching students how to use computer software and systems to manage information. After completing the program, students should be able to find technology-based solutions to important business and management problems.   Types of Degrees There are three basic options for students who are interested in an information technology management degree. A bachelors degree is typically the minimum for most jobs in the information technology management field. Advanced jobs almost always require a masters or MBA degree. Bachelors Degree in IT Management: A bachelors degree in IT management is ideal for students seeking entry-level positions in this field. However, many information technology managers choose to earn a bachelors degree in information science, computer science, or information systems management instead. Regardless of the degree name, most bachelors programs take four years to complete and consist of general education courses combined with specialized courses in information technology and business management.Masters Degree in IT Management: A masters degree in information technology management or a related field is a requirement to work at some companies. It is especially recommended for advanced positions. A masters degree usually takes two years to complete once you have earned a bachelors degree. While enrolled in a masters program, you will study advanced topics in information technology. You will also take business, management, and leadership courses.Doctorate Degree in IT Manageme nt: The highest degree that can be earned in this area is a doctorate degree. This degree is well-suited for students who want to teach or perform field research. It can take anywhere from four to six years to earn a doctorate degree.​ Choosing a Program When choosing an information technology management program, you should first look at schools that are accredited to ensure you find a quality program with degrees respected by employers. It is also important to choose a school that has an up-to-date curriculum that focuses on the skills and knowledge you want to attain. Finally, take time to compare tuition, career placement rates, class size, and other important factors. Read more about choosing a business school. Information Technology Management Careers Students who earn an information technology management degree typically go on to work as IT managers. IT managers are also known as computer and information systems managers. They may be responsible for developing tech strategies, upgrading technology, and securing systems in addition to overseeing and directing other IT professionals. The exact duties of an IT manager are dependent on the size of the employer as well as the managers job title and level of experience. Some common job titles for IT managers include the following. IT Project Manager: Sometimes known as an IT Director, an IT project manager heads up a specific technology project. They may be responsible for managing upgrades and conversions. IT project managers typically have one or more IT professionals who report to them. They usually have at least a bachelors degree along with several years of experience.IT Security Manager:  An IT security manager is usually responsible for overseeing network and data security. They may help to develop, implement, and monitor security protocols. Entry-level positions may require only a few years of experience.Chief Technology Officer:  A CTO designs and recommends new technology for a business or organization. They typically report to a CIO but may have more technical expertise. Many CTOs began as an IT director or project manager. Most have 10 or more years of experience in the IT field.Chief Information Officer: A Chief Information Officer (CIO) helps to develop and oversee technology strategy for a b usiness or organization. They are the decision makers. CIO is an advanced position and typically requires at least an MBA along with 10 or more years of IT experience. IT Certifications Professional or tech certifications are not absolutely required to work in the information technology management field. However, certifications can make you more attractive to potential employers. You may also earn a higher salary if you have taken the required steps to become certified in specific areas.

Living in the Toxic Food Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Living in the Toxic Food Environment - Essay Example A toxin is a noxious substance formed within living cells. They can be small molecules or peptides that are proficient for causing infections on absorption by body tissues interrelating with biological macromolecules such as enzymes and cellular receptors. A toxic environment is the consequence of ubiquity of harmful, processed foods, increasingly inactive lifestyle which personals spend a lot of time watching TV than exercising, enormous detonation of fast food eateries etc whereas a toxic food environment can be termed as the unparalleled exposure to high-calorie, high –fat, heavily marketed, inexpensive fast foods and the sedentary lifestyle increasing in our everyday’s life.These unhealthy eating and living habits can lead to serious health issues in human beings. Exercises have always being known as the best remedy to burn down fats and calories in a normal human system. Our fatty tissues absorb a group of chemically-related multifaceted known as Dioxins which accu mulate the food chain. These Dioxins are highly lethal and can cause great reproductive and developmental problems, harm the immune system and can also lead to cancer. It could also cause skin lesions and changed liver performance.The best way to control and prevent dioxin exposure is by proper incineration of contaminated material and this process requires high temperatures.The best way to prevent or reduce human exposure is through source-directed measures such as severe control of industrial processes to condense the formation of dioxins.

The power of Media within Sports Industry Research Paper

The power of Media within Sports Industry - Research Paper Example â€Å"Every piece of fur is the result of horrific cruelty. Animals trapped for their fur can suffer for hours or days in body-gripping traps, chewing through their own feet in a desperate attempt to escape. More than four million wild animals are trapped and killed each year in the United States by commercial and recreational trappers alone.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"(The Cruelty of Fur Trim) The way human beings treat animals is certainly beyond the pale, animals are ruthlessly killed to please the taste buds of certain human beings who consume them on a regular basis, the slaughter that takes place is very painful for the helpless animals, the pain inflicted upon them is very hard to see but very little has been done to counter it. There are organizations fighting for animal rights but those organizations are not as active as they should be. This paper will throw light upon the views of Catharine A. Mackinnon and Elizabeth Anderson on how animals are being treated; both their views will be juxta posed to bring out the real essence of their respective arguments. â€Å"Each year, in China, millions of dogs and cats are cruelly killed by bludgeoning, hanging and slow strangulation with wire nooses and their fur turned into trim and trinkets. Chinese fur is often deliberately mislabeled so that it will be bought by unsuspecting customers around the globe.† (China’s Gold Medal for Cruelty). Catharine A. Mackinnon has a very feminist view on the exploitation of animals, she compares the state of animals to the state of women, she thinks that women and animals are both exploited and have more similarities than one. She claims that animals are treated like women and women like animals, this again goes to show the sheer exploitation of both women and animals. She goes on to say that women are as badly treated as animals, she is aghast when she makes this comparison and she is right in many ways, women are still being exploited in some areas of the world and so are anim als. â€Å"People dominate animals, men dominate women.† (Animal Rights, P277) The author sheds light upon how women and animals are being dominated in our society. She throws light upon the inequality that prevails in our society. The author brings out an excellent ideology; the suppression of both women and animals is because they are considered inferior, women are exploited because they are considered biologically weaker, animals are exploited because they are considered much inferior to the human race, the exploitation is purely based on the ideology of inferior and superior, a superior being starts believing that it is his right to suppress the inferior, the same has been highlighted by the author. The author is labeled to be a feminist because she talks about the male ideology and brings out the similarities in animals and women. â€Å"Qualities considered human and higher are denied to animals as qualities considered masculine and higher are denied to women.† (A nimal Rights, P278) The lesser humanity of women is conceded by men and they call women animal names like chick, bunny, bitch and so on, this again points to the inferior nature of women in the society, animals are lower than humans is also a presumption which with several human beings live with. The author also talks about the ridiculous ways in which both women and animals are exploited, rats are put in the vagina of women and it is thought that the rat would suffer

Bargaining Power Of Supplier Essay Example for Free

Bargaining Power Of Supplier Essay Suppliers barely make any difference to companies involved in shipping line business, especially who are leading players like â€Å"Maersk† in this business. While it may affect to certain extent to small players like Five star shipping company, Varun Shipping company etc. who are struggling to establish within the industry. Many suppliers are such which are borne directly by customers but arranged by shipping lines like pesticide, wooden pallets, container repairs and truck transportation due to corporate contract or link ups of companies with service providers. While there are cases when these same services are borne by shipping lines but then these charges are included in freight rate which would be higher if the suppliers were not arranged by company. â€Å"Maersk† supply service expects a lower result than in 2010 due to lower contract coverage and weaker spot market rates than at the beginning of 2010. Another supply which is related to loading of containers on third party vessels is very important here because this is the only supply where shipping lines have to face the bargaining of suppliers. Not all shipping lines own the vessel and therefore they hire the service of other companies, to load their containers for different destinations. â€Å"Maersk† is the largest container operator in Kandla port. But its own vessels are not operating from Kandla due to drift problem and therefore they hire the services of third party feeder vessels to load its containers till JNPT [Jawaharlal Nehru] port in Mumbai, from where â€Å"Maersk† mother vessels are operating across continents. In this case â€Å"Maersk† may have to pay extra money if demanded by ship operators. While this is not the case with MSC [Mediterranean Shipping Company] which has its own small vessels operating from Kandla to different gulf locations. But if we move to location like JNPT port in Mumbai, the situation is totally different. â€Å"Maersk† vessels are the biggest here operating among other carriers and those small carriers are using slot on â€Å"Maersk† vessels for transporting their cargo. There are other supplies like loading/ unloading of containers from vessel ie, movement of containers to CFS (container freight station) and vessel towing which are provided by port authorized suppliers and companies. Port authority charges fixed amount towards these handling from shipping lines and shipping company charges the same from customers after  adding their profit margin. Bargaining Power of Buyer Buyer is one of the strongest factors in shipping line business. Buyers may be in form of importer or exporter, clearing agent, freight forwarder or manufacturer of goods. Sometimes manufacturer himself acts as an exporter or importer if not, then trader acts on behalf of manufacturer of goods. Container line business is based on two main core factors price and quality of service. Price refers to freight rate at which one container is decided by shipping company to transport from one place to another. Due to much competition in this sector and limited number of operators, bargaining power of buyer has increased in relation to freight price. Almost all shipping lines have service to Jebel Ali (an important transit hub in Dubai) from India, and customer is sure to get very competitive rate for this location from market. For such locations customer are virtually like king but when it comes to transporting cargo to far Europe or America, then this power is transferred to companies operat ing in those regions. Therefore â€Å"Maersk† has strategized the businesses in such a way to get maximum profits from service to odd or far reaching areas and make normal profits from operation to common areas like Jebel Ali. Another factor Service refers to fast processing of documents, bill of lading and prompt loading and movement of containers etc. It is rather difficult for customers to get better quality  of service than getting competitive freight rates. In this world of technology every company is trying to adapt to new technology in their day to day businesses like e-processing of documents and fastest data entry to name a few. â€Å"Maersk† is so technologically advanced in this field, that all its data processing is being done electronically by back office and customers are able to access all information relevant to shipment though dedicated space available on company website. Electronic processes are shipping bills, vessel certificates, freight invoices and bill of lading in encrypted format, once the payment is done by customer either electronically or at â€Å"Maersk† local office. Companies like APL and MSC do have electronic processing systems but are not fully fledged and as a result much of the work is still being done manually. Other sections of buyers which may affect container line business are freight forwarders or clearing agents, with rapid expansion of shipping industry and import/export businesses. Many agents acting as freight forwarders have came up in market to share the profit in form of commission. These agents earn commission by way of collecting excess freight from exporter than charged by shipping lines. It is relatively easy for shipping lines to entertain these agents, so there is no difficulty of approaching different small exporters.

Arab Israeli Conflict Essay -- Israel v Palestine, Jew v Arab

The Arab-Israeli conflict is a struggle between the Jewish state of Israel and the Arabs of the Middle East concerning the area known as Palestine. The term Palestine has been associated variously and sometimes controversially with this small region. Both the geographic area designated by and the political status of the name have changed over the course of some three millennia. The region, or a part of it, is also known as the Holy Land and is held sacred among Jews, Christians, and Muslims. In the twentieth century it has been the object of conflicting claims of Jewish and Arab national movements, and the conflict has led to prolonged violence and in several instances open warfare opposing Israel's existence. These wars, which occurred during the years of nineteen forty-eight to nineteen forty-nine, nineteen fifty-six, nineteen sixty-seven, nineteen seventy-three to nineteen seventy-four, and nineteen eighty-two were complicated and heightened by the political, strategic, and econo mic interests in the area of the great powers. This fight is the continuation of an Arab-Jewish struggle that began in the early 1900's for control of Palestine. The historic and desirable region, which has varied greatly since ancient times, is situated on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean in southwestern Asia. The strategic importance of the area is immense. Through it pass the main roads from Egypt to Syria and from the Mediterranean to the hills beyond the Jordan River. Palestine is now largely divided between Israel and the Israeli-occupied territories, parts of which are self-administered by Palestinians. The ongoing feud is and was based around competing land claims and the two opposing viewpoints are that the Palestinians lived in the region long before Jews began moving there in large numbers in the late 1800's and that Jews believed they were justified by Zionism. â€Å"Chiefly, today’s Palestine question has to do with Jews and Arabs. Over the centuries, both groups have developed deep historical roots in a place both regard as a Holy Land. Both have strong emotional ties to it.† (Carrol, 3) This paper will discuss how discrimination against Arab-Palestinians is justified by Zionism and the results of these actions, the origins, purposes, and effects of the Arab â€Å"Intifada,† and what the future holds for the Arabs and Jews living in a race/religion biased land.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In... ...ng violated and it must terminate. From this paper, it is clear to see that discrimination against Arab-Palestinians is harmfully justified by Jewish Zionism, the Intifada is not a meaningless attack on the Jews, however, Arabs are quite hypocritical by reciprocating violence, and that the future may or may not hold peace in divided Israel because it, more or less, depends on Arab-Israeli compromises. As it is known, these compromises always tend to include conflicting agendas. Peace, surely, can be reached. It is merely decision regarding which side will initiate and negotiate first. Taking a look at peace talks today, this does not appear to be happening in the near future. It is amazing to bear witness to the incredible amount of violence and hate in a so-called â€Å"Holy Land.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited Binur, Yoram. My Enemy, Myself. London: Doubleday, 1989. Carroll, Raymond. The Palestine Question. New York: Franklin Watts, 1983. Cheshin, Amir S. Separate and Unequal, the Inside Story of Israel Rule in East Jerusalem. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1999. Ya’ari, Ehud. Intifada. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Revolution Politically Considered Essay

The word Maccabean comes from Judas Maccabeus, the leader of the Jewish revolt against Syria which took place from 167 – 160 B. C. E. In 2nd Maccabees 15 v 30 he is described as â€Å"The perfect champion of his fellow citizens. † The story is recorded in the Apocryphal Biblical Books Ist and 2nd Maccabees, the sources written closest in time to the events and to a lesser extent by the Jewish 1st century C. E. historian Flavius Josephus in his Antiquities ( Books XII and XIII) who wrote some 200 years later. Martin Cohen ( The Hasmonean Revolution Politically Considered,1975, page 21) describes all three of authors, those of the Maccabean books and Josephus, as being overly partisan and seems to be saying that the so called sinners weren’t as black as they are painted. Some might say however that his article is in danger of going too far the other way in parts. The name means ‘hammer’ and was used to describe Judas’ immense strength. It was then taken as a name by his brothers, two of whom succeeded him, and other followers. The conflict had been stirred when, after a period of increasing Hellenisation, Syrian ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes gave orders forbidding certain Jewish customs and practices and turned the Temple into a shrine for the pagan god Zeus – the idol the Jews refer to as ‘the abomination of desecration’ mentioned in Daniel 11. Judas Maccabeus and his followers incited a revolt. In 164 B. C. E they were able to regain control of the Temple, which was then cleansed and rededicating to the God of Israel. To this day Jews celebrate the feast of Hanukkah to recall these events. The story ends with the death of Nicanor in 2 Maccabeans 15 and also the idea of dedicating a special day to its remembrance- the thirtieth day of the twelfth month. The use of the menorah, the seven branched candlestick, is a reminder of the same events. Members of Judas’ family, the Hasmoneans, continued to rule in Israel until the Romans arrived in force in 63 B. C. E. Ist Maccabees was originally written in Hebrew, but that version is now lost and the text used is taken from the Greek Septuagint. The book is set in the period of Greek rule and covers the period of revolt from 175 to 134 B. C. However it also describes how many Hebrews actually welcomed the coming of Greek customs, even to the extent of trying to pass themselves off as Greeks. In 1st Maccabees 1 v 15 the writer tells how some were trying to hide the marks of circumcism i. e. the very mark of their Jewishness. In 2nd Maccabees the events are again related, but this time seemingly with the intention of showing God’s continued care for his people. It begins by urging Alexandrian Jews to keep the feast of Hanukkah and looks back at the events that led up to the first celebration. At the same time it castigates several people – the Hellenistic Jewish priests, in particular including High Priest Jason who was said to have sent money for statue of Herakles, something Martin Cohen ( Page 15 ) sees as a bribe rather than as a genuine donation because of faith.. Robert Doran ( 2006, The revolt of the Maccabees) looked for historic similarities and likened it to the modern day insurgency in Iraq. He tells how for the first years of Seleucid rule there were no major problems between the two groups. He describes the main problem as being about Jewish identity and who controls that definition. He makes the point that some would not have considered Jason to be a Jew at all, whereas he, as Jewish high priest, presumably did. He cites 20th century Jewish scholars Elias Bickermann and Victor Tchenikover who put the blame not on the Seleucids, but upon the Jewish leaders of the time. While I Maccabees blames the Seleucid leader, it has been pointed out by scholars such as Otto Morkholm (Antiochus IV of Syria, 1966) that in general he supported local cultures. The writer of 2nd Maccabees blames the institution of Greek education, even though there were a number of years between the opening of the Greek school and the revolt. The truth seems to be that when a villager from Modein, the Hasmonean home town, went to make sacrifices, Mattathias, the father of Judas, struck him with his sword. The family then fled, but also began a campaign of throwing down the pagan alters that they found and killing those who opposed what they felt was right. By the opening of 2nd Maccabees the father had died and it is Judas who is leading the revolutionaries. There are other major differences between the accounts, namely with regard to fighting on the Sabbath. This happens in the first book, but not in the second. According to Doran, in what seems to be a quite objective account ( page 107), upon the death of Antiochus his successor seems, to have let the matter stand, with the Hasmoneans in charge in Jerusalem. However the revolution was spreading to other areas. Jerusalem became the center for a general revolt against Seleucid rule. In 162 B. C. E. Judas finally lost control of the Temple area and was killed. Josephus describes in the opening words of his second book about the period, (Antiquities of the Jews, Book 13) how, after the death of Judus Maccabeus ‘all the wicked, and those that transgressed the laws of their forefathers, sprang up again in Judea. ’ And so the battles continued under new leadership. However soon after this the Seleucid Empire began to crumble because of its own internal divisiveness and Simon, brother of Judas, was able to expel the Seleucids. He was recognized as high priest of Judea in 140 B. C. E. So what had begun as a religious protest ended up as the basis for an independent kingdom – at last for a while. Martin Cohen took a new look at the events portrayed in the scriptures. He sees it as much as an internal fight among Jews as a revolt against foreign rule. He states (page 26) that Antiochus believed that no Jewish group was capable of holding the peace. He had trouble elsewhere and this is why he came down hard, turning Jerusalem into a fortress and he also removed the power of the Jewish constitution. This turned many into revolutionaries. If they had no Jewish law how could they be Jewish? Cohen describes how the revolt has often been viewed as a class struggle between the Hellenistic rulers and the ordinary people, despite the fact that there seems to have been grass roots support of Hellenisation. The Maccabees were not just non Hellenistic however, they were totally anti – Hellenistic, not just for themselves, but for Judaism as such. Cohen points out that the two accounts are both conflicting and inadequate and that the facts cited by Jewish historian Josephus don’t add a great deal to historic knowledge. He also describes how the Jewish Hellenistic aristocracy were very small in number. If they had not had popular support then the Selucid would have had to come down hard. Right from the beginning. The priests concerned are condemned in passages such as 2nd Maccabees 4 v 11 and 14. In the former passage they are accused of adding to the Pentateuch. The Pentateuch was scripture, but it was also the basis for all Jewish life. At the time of the revolution religion and politics, as far as the Jewish people were concerned were one and the same thing. But the Hellenistic Jews did not deny Judaism and the priests amongst them continued with their sacrificial roles, which they do not seem to have considered as being in opposition to their Hellenistic practices. Conclusion Whatever the truth of the matter regarding the origins of the revolt and wherever the true blame should lie, essentially this was about preserving Judaism as it had been for hundred of years and was about defining what is a Jew – an argument that can still be seen to be going on, even if sometimes in silence, in the differences to be observed daily in the 21st century between those who call themselves Orthodox Jews and others of the same faith and race, believers and otherwise. Works Cited Bible, King James, â€Å"2nd Maccabees†, Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia 12th May 2010, Libraryhttp://etext. virginia. edu/toc/modeng/public/Kjv2Mac. html Bible, Revised Standard Version, â€Å"Ist Maccabees†, National Council of Churches of Christ in America 12th May 2010, http://quod. lib. umich. edu/cgi/r/rsv/rsv-idx? type=DIV1&byte=4219672 Cohen Martin, â€Å"The Hasmonean Revolution Politically Considered: Outline of a New Interpretation,† The Journal of the Central Conference of American Rabbis , (Fall 1975 ): 13-34 Doran , Robert, â€Å"The Revolt of the Maccabees â€Å" The National Interest ( September –October 2006):99, 100 Josephus , â€Å"Antiquities of the Jews† , Book XII ,12th May 2010, http://www. ccel. org/j/josephus/works/ant-12. htm Josephus , â€Å"Antiquities of the Jews† , Book XIII 12th May 2010 http://www. ccel. org/j/josephus/works/ant-13. htm Morkholm, Otto,† Antiochus IV of Syria†, Classica et Mediaevalia Dissertationes VIII, Copenhagen. 1966

Justifications on the Need to Bring Back the Military Draft Essay

In today’s evolving and trying world, there is nothing absolute about the exercise of individual’s freedom or free choice. Consideration of several significant factors results to flexibility, if not violation of even this basic requirement of independence or free will. The said condition is concretely manifested by a discussion on the necessity to bring back the military draft in the United States. This is because despite the fundamental argument against the reimplementation of the Selective Service System in the American military, it is ultimately essential to reflect on some principles aimed at benefiting the majority of the population hence paving the way for a requirement to set aside one’s liberty or rights. By its nature, a military draft or the American Selective Service System implies an infringement of citizen’s free choice of whether to join the United States military voluntarily or not. The system is not new as it has been implemented by previous administrations. However, criticisms against its execution made the past Presidents halt the controversial military draft on the premise that it violates human rights particularly one’s privilege to a freedom of choice as far as joining the military. As the system was not totally discarded, there is now the possibility of imposing again the military draft after careful deliberation of at least three main necessary justifications. Proponents of the re-imposition of the system argue the underlying principle that military draft challenges freedom. This is primarily due to the vital reason that the military draft serves as a payback opportunity for the government and country in general to raise the estimated usefulness and value of all citizens. This is made possible because the people’s selective services into the military will increase benefits or returns which the government needs in having an expensive cost of military training and education. Additionally, the military draft paves the way and has even proven to be a concrete way of unifying the country as it destroys class and racial distinctions among Americans. Most importantly, military draft is critically important in ensuring national defense and security in the face of an inevitable military conflict. While the system is an obligatory manner of breaching one’s liberty, these economic, unifying and safety considerations are, therefore, rational principles which justify the need to undertake another round of military draft. Military Draft, an Overview For a clearer and objective discussion on the need to bring back the military draft, it is empirical to present the general concepts behind the system which calls for the selective services of American people into the U. S. military. Military draft, as the main function and basis of the Selective Service System, is activated upon the direction of the U. S. President and the Congress. As mandated by law, the Selective Service System maintains its promptness and effectiveness in managing a military draft despite its current inactive status. Upon the restoration of the military draft, the system requires for the carrying out of a National Draft Lottery to identify the people to be drafted. In the conduct of the military draft, the Selective Service System requires the registration of all male American citizens with at least 18 years of age but had not reached 26 years of age, not taking into consideration their place of their residences including foreign male migrant-residents in the country (â€Å"Military Draft†). The U. S.  President and the both houses of the Congress authorize the military draft during an emergency such as armed crisis which entails additional military crowd because of the insufficiency in the supply of the volunteer military. Thereafter, a lottery is conducted wherein the dates of birth of the citizens are used as the basis for finding out the system of drafting the citizens. Duties of all members of the Selective Service are activated where the State Directors and Officers of the Reserve Forces are called into for military service. There will be physical, psychological and ethical assessments of all registrants and upon release of evaluation result, a registrant will have to report for if he needs to be exempted or that his service needs to be deferred. Registrant claims will be evaluated and passers will be given induction orders and are given ten days to be inducted until finally turned over to the military (â€Å"Military Draft†). Benefit Justification While not commonly attributed as justification for the need to restore the military draft, the beneficial aspect of carrying out the system is significantly essential. A study about the draft or conscription of American citizens into the military and its increasing returns revealed this condition. This is because the noteworthy mounting returns, such as the requirement for the least fundamental training and education in the military preparation and service, are attractive grounds behind the selective service or military draft (Ng 382). While the draft inevitably results into incompetence, freedom violation and injustice, the study showed that the effectiveness of military draft in recording the increasing returns in the U. S.  Armed Forces compensates the cost allotted in carrying out the military draft. The study further justified that in the condition where the level of mounting returns was elevated and that the needed degree of military service became big particularly when the nation is at war, the popularity and requirement of military draft could not be totally eliminated. The same study also noted the economists’ apparent disregard of the principle behind the probable appeal of military draft and reiterated the result which hinted that the efficiency percentage of military draft soars as the level of increasing returns in the U.  S. military also becomes high. To concretely justify this point, it just merely presented an idea that an increase in the degree or number of military drafts is synonymous to having an increased in the number of military personnel thereby working more to the advantage of the U. S. Armed Force in its military undertakings (383). Unifying Justification Despite circumstances which made previous Presidents decide to discontinue the military draft, the system definitely helps in crushing class distinctions in the country. Hence, this unifying justification makes it one of the positive points for considering the return of the selective or random military recruitment. In particular, the military draft resulted into an amicable educational condition where the educated and not became united and even helped each other as they became one in achieving a common goal. In fact, this homogenizing system did not only exist in the learning structure because military draft also widened the cultural perspectives of the military draftees. As the class distinctions were removed so are the racial separations among the future military personnel. In short, the selective service system enhanced the equality grounds in the country as compared to what has achieved by other measures and institutions (Koch A23). Koch emphasized the need for the nation to return to the military draft after it proved to be an established means which returned unity among people and within the country. The selective service system provided a universal language for the public which covered the military draftees as well as their respective families and the people around them. It also credited the honor among the draftees and leveled their respective sacrifices which they have done for the nation. It eventually unified more the American people who are one in their search for power and thereafter carry with them an appreciation of the real value of conflict, unity and winning (Koch A23). National Security Justification Foremost the positions of bringing back the military draft is the rationale that it prepares and secures the country for an eventuality of another armed conflict, both internally and externally. This was illustrated by Hod and Hod when he ignited the call for the return of the military draft in the name of defending and ensuring the safety of the country. In a work directed to the public, Hod and Hod wrote that the military draft also prepares the nation and its people to see the world in a precautionary aspect. Ultimately, it was meant to pave the way for the upholding of the nation’s protection and safety against possible armed conflict within and outside the country (Hod & Hod 73). This national security position was corroborated by Rangel and Vennochi who both supported the need for the restoration of the military draft. As a Korean War veteran and now a U. S, Representative, Rangel believed that the requirement to defend and secure the country should be a shared sacrifice among all Americans. He added that a renewed call for the system enables for an increased vigilance and acceptance of the random military system as the people appreciate more the draft based from the safety benefits it will bring to the country (Rangel 1). Vennochi, supported the idea by stressing a point wherein the military draft will speed up the country’s armed fight against Iraq and other terrorists-laden nations. He added that restoring the military draft will awaken the country and force involvement among Americans to have their share in protecting and ensuring the nation’s security (Venocchi 1). Conclusion Every undertaking has its advantages and disadvantages. Despite criticisms against the military draft, its restoration is definitely important and needed in order to increase the benefits it offer to the nation, to break barriers and enhance unity among people and ultimately to guarantee that the country in always ready and capable to defend itself from conflict. While the issue of military draft has resulted into several criticisms, it was able to stand its way and justified that it may be inevitable for the country not to bring back military draft primarily due to the position that it was aimed at working to the advantage and not to detriment the people and the country as a whole.

Economic loss in contract law Essays

Economic loss in contract law Essays Economic loss in contract law Essay Economic loss in contract law Essay In regard to the extract taken from Markensinis and Deakins Tort Law (5th Edition), from the writers comments we see that there is dispute on whether cases of pure economic loss in regard to compensation and damages, should be exclusive to the area of contract law instead of appearing in both the areas of contract law and tort law. We therefore must explore the similarities and differences between recovering damages and/or compensation in regard to pure economic loss in both tort and contract law. We must pose the question of whether we believe that tort law should allow cases of pure economic loss or whether it should remain exclusively in contract law. The definition for pure economic loss could simply be put as economic loss which is unaccompanied by physical injury or damage; it is also commonly known that pure economic loss is an umbrella term used to bring together various different policies regarding compensation, damages and loss. For a more in depth image of pure economic loss and how the courts approached cases for damages or compensation due to pure economic loss we must look at precedent cases and how pure economic loss is recovered in both divisions of law. In the law of tort there is a limited approach to pure economic loss which means that recovering for pure economic loss relies on there being a special relationship between the two parties it must be established by the claimant that in fact, there was a special relationship between themselves and the defendant. This approach is outlined in the case of Williams v Natural Life Health Foods Ltd [1998]1. In this case, it was held that the second defendant was not liable for the economic loss by Williams because he had acted through the company Natural Life Health Foods Ltd to advise the plaintiff and therefore did not have a special relationship with the claimant or did they have any personal contact with the second defendant. The House of Lords also found that due to the fact that there had not been any special relationship between the second defendant and the claimants that therefore the second defendant did not at any point express that he had held personal responsibility for their dealings. As we can see from that case the defendant did not have any assumption of personal responsibility towards the plaintiff or did they have any special relationship and therefore the claim for damages related to the pure economic loss of the plaintiff failed. In addition observe the case of Smith v Bush2 for a further example of the courts taking into consideration whether there was a special relationship between the plaintiff and defendant or a personal responsibility between the defendant and the claimant. In this case it is clear the disregard for the claimants financial safety in giving misinformation purposefully is obvious and the courts found that there was reliance and a special responsibility between the two parties. Due to this the claimant was successful as there was an assumption of a duty of care by the surveyors towards the plaintiff. In the law of tort, recovery of damages due to economic loss can also be made in cases of negligent misstatements a claimant seeking to recover damages must establish that the statement was made within a relationship and where the claimant could reasonably rely on the skill and care of the defendant in the statement3- in other terms, a special relationship should be established as is common within tortuous claims for damages due to pure economic loss. A precedent case of a tortuous claim due to negligent misstatements by the defendant would be Chaudhury v Prabhakar4 in which the defendant claimed to be a specialist in the field of motor cars and assisted his friend, Prabhakar, the claimant in purchasing a motor car his advice proved to be negligent. A relationship in this case was obvious. Chaudhury claimed to be a specialist in the field that Prabhakar had asked his advice Chaudhury accepted the request for assistance from the claimant and gave intentional misstatements and as a result Prabhakar suffered a pure economic loss. As we can see in the law of tort, a special relationship even in regard to negligent misstatements and an assumption of a duty of care must be evident in order for there to be a successful claim for compensation or damages due to pure economic loss through the actions or negligence of another. The most commonly cited aim of damages in the law of tort is to restore the claimant to the position he would have been in but for the tort5. The aim of contractual damages on the other hand is generally that of Parek B in Robinson v Harman (1848): the claimant is, so far as money can do it, to be placed in the same situation, with respect to damages, as if the contract had been performed. 6 In contract law, firstly and obviously, there must be a legally binding contract between the two parties. There must also be reliance by the claimant on the defendant to fulfil a promise or expectation outlined in the contract. For a claim in regard to pure economic loss the expectation interest of that plaintiff must be protected. The expectation interest is an amount close to or equal to the net value of what the plaintiff would have been in receipt of if the contract had been performed and not broken by the defence. An alternative to the expectation measure sometimes used in its place is the reliance measure which protects the plaintiffs reliance interest this is a measure which puts the plaintiff in a position which s/he would have been in had they not relied on the terms in the contract. In regard to both expectation and reliance damages being granted there must have been a action or rather lack of action from the defendant, which went in opposition to the terms of the contract between both parties, in order for the plaintiff to suffer a pure economic loss due to the expectation or reliance on the contractual obligations which went unfulfilled. A case which outlines the way in which contract law deals with pure economic loss would be CCC Films (London) Ltd. v Impact Quadrant Films Ltd. 7 The defendants granted the plaintiffs a licence to exploit, distribute and exhibit three films, the rights to which were owned by the defendants. The plaintiffs paid the agreed consideration of $12,000 for the licence and then requested the defendants to insure and send by recorded delivery to the plaintiffs nominee in Munich video tapes of the films, without which the plaintiffs were unable to market the films. In breach of the agreement for secure transmission of the tapes the defe ndants posted them uninsured by ordinary post in the course of which they were lost. The defendants also failed to perform subsequent agreements with the plaintiffs to deliver replacement tapes. The plaintiffs were unable to produce any evidence of loss of profits but instead brought an action in which they claimed to recover the $12,000 as wasted expenditure. The defendants contended that it was not open to the plaintiffs to claim for wasted expenditure save where the evidence established either that it was impossible to prove loss of profits or that such loss of profits as could be proved was small. Furthermore, the defendants, relying on the principle that a claim for wasted expenditure could not succeed if the plaintiffs returns, had the contract not been broken, would not have recouped that expenditure, contended that the onus was on the plaintiffs to prove that they would have recouped the expenditure and that the plaintiffs were only relieved of that onus of proof if the breach itself made it impossible to assess whether the returns would have been sufficient to recoup the expenditure. Neither the plaintiffs nor the defendants produced evidence whether the plaintiffs would or would not have recouped the $12,000 if they had been able to exploit the films. The issue therefore arose on whom the burden of proof lay. Since the onus of proving that the plaintiffs would not have recouped their outlay of $12,000 if they had received the tapes and exploited the films lay on the defendants, who had not discharged that burden, the plaintiffs were entitled to judgment. 8 Now we have covered both areas of law and what must be fulfilled in order to file a successful claim for damages or compensation in regard to pure economic loss, in both contract and tort law, we must look at the case of Hedley Byrne v Heller Partners9. Hedley Byrne v Heller Partners was a groundbreaking case in that the decision by the House of Lords first recognised the possibility of liability for pure economic loss. The House of Lords recognised that a claim could be made for negligent statements instead of being dependent on contractual relationships, as it had been previously. This is where the argument arises between leaving the compensation of pure economic loss to contract law or allowing it to be a part of both tort and contract divisions of law. The Hedley Byrne case found that the plaintiff must prove that there was a liability was held as an assumption of responsibility to the claimant, a special relationship between the two parties or a relationship equivalent to contract. In Hedley Byrne v Heller Partners, Hedley Byrne (an advertising partnership) were about to undertake contracts with Easipower Ltd, one of Hellers client companies. Before taking out the contracts, Hedley Byrne decided to contact the bank of Heller Partners Ltd. in order to gain knowledge on the financial state of Easipower Ltd. Heller claimed the company were financially secure Hedley Byrne relied on this information and entered into a contract with Easipower Ltd. whom soon afterwards became bankrupt. Hedley Byrne filed a claim against Heller Partners for giving negligent and misleading information the court found in Hedley Byrnes favour claiming that there was a special relationship between the two parties as to create a duty of care but due to a disclaimer for Hellers actions there were no orders for damages. Prior to the Hedley Byrne case, negligent misstatements were lead by the case Derry v Peek10 Hedley Byrne revised this decision. Before Hedley Byrne, a person suffering from economic loss due to careless or negligent statements could sue in the tort of deceit. In Derry v Peek, Peek, the defendant, a director of the Plymouth, Devonport and District Tramways Co. Ltd, had the notion that he and the company were allowed to run their trams with steam power provided they had the permission from the Board of Trade. However, their permission was not granted and the company had prior to a decision being made issued a prospectus that declared they were running trams on steam rather than animal power on the belief they would be granted permission. Derry, the claimant, due to the representation of the company in the prospectus steam powered trams, had obtained shares in the company and sued the defendants for financial loss under the tort of deceit. However since there was no evidence proving that the defendants intentionally issued the prospectus knowing the information provided was false, the House of Lords held that they were not guilty under the tort of deceit. As it was in Derry v Peek, the difficulty in this was that the House of Lords held that the claimant must prove fraud to establish deceit. Meaning that the claimant must prove that the defendant knew that his or hers statement was untrue, malicious or reckless. The House of Lords held that sheer negligence was not sufficient. The House of Lords re-examined the precedence on careless statements, Derry v Peek was limited to its function of defining the tort of deceit and was held irrelevant to the issue of whether a duty of care was evident in negligence. Lord Devlin also held the non-existence of a contract was not relevant in the case of Hedley v Byrne, he said: a] promise given without consideration to perform a service cannot be enforced as a contract by the promisee, but if the service is in fact performed and done negligently the promisee can recover in an action in tort. 11 The House of Lords were not willing to identify a duty of care born from negligent statements on the foundations of the Donoghue v Stevenson12 neighbour principle alone. The House of Lords though, in protecting against a flood of cases, held tha t there was not a special relationship between Derry and Peek. A prospectus, like an advertisement in a newspaper, is open for all to see and therefore a special relationship cannot be formed from this instead the claimant must prove that the statement was made within a relationship where the plaintiff could reasonably rely on the skill and expertise of the defendant in making the statement. So rising from the Hedley Byrne case we can come up with three questions that may be considered in regard to negligent statements and a claim for pure economic loss: One, was there an assumption of responsibility for the claimant by the defendant? Two, was there a special relationship between the two parties? And three, was the relationship equivalent to a contract? If the answer to at least one of those questions is yes, then the claimant has a clear case for a recovery of damages or compensation. Where the case of Hedley Byrne gives the principle that one who makes a statement may voluntarily assume responsibility to the person they make it to if this statement is made negligently then he or she is liable for any damage which may occur because of their negligent statement/s. We must also though bear in mind the Caparo principles which have risen from the case of Caparo Industries PLC. v Dickman13. These principles question the scope of assumption of responsibility and what the limits of liability ought to be. The Caparo principles, four conditions outlined by the House of Lords which must be met for the defendant to be liable for economic loss resulting from negligent advice or information are. (1) The defendant must be fully aware of the nature of the transaction which the claimant had in contemplation as a result of receipt of the information. 2) He must have either communicated that information to the claimant directly, or know that it would be communicated to him (or a restricted class of persons of which the claimant is an identifiable member). (3) He must specifically anticipate that the claimant would properly and reasonably rely on that information when deciding whether or not to engage in the transaction in question. (4) The purpose for which th e claimant does rely on that information must be a purpose connected with interests that it is reasonable require the defendants to protect14. The case of Hedley Byrne had a major impact on the courts outlook on cases regarding tortuous and contractual claims for pure economic loss and brings us to the position we are in now in discussing whether the claims should be left to one division of law. What is clear, in my opinion, from my investigations into both pure economic losses being recovered in both contract and tort law is that they both have a reasonable claim for being an advocate of claims of compensation or damages for pure economic loss. What has been found is that in tort a relationship which is deemed special or equivalent to a contract must be in place otherwise a claim cannot be made whereas in contract a legally binding agreement is already in place. The difference being is that the claims in either law of tort and contract protect different interests of the defendant. In contract you will find that the defendants reliance and/or expectation of the contract are shown in the damages rewarded, if the court deem necessary of course. A claimants reliance or expectation which is not fulfilled, as stated it would be in the contract, will be rewarded with damages which cover the money they may have lost in one of two conditions: one, an amount close to or equal to the net value of what the plaintiff would have been in receipt of if the contract had been performed or two, placing the plaintiff in a position which s/he would have been in had they not relied on the terms in the contract. In tort though, compensation will be granted if the claimant has consequential economic loss because of the defendants actions or negligence. As long as there be a special relationship between the two parties or a relationship equivalent to a contract as was born from the case of Hedley Byrne then the claimant is likely to be successful. Now, if you look at both sides you will see they cover different interests and arise from various different scenarios this is something which has made me form an opinion that I believe this is what has been happening and how things should remain. 15

The Scandinavian Connection

The Scandinavian Connection The Scandinavian Connection The Scandinavian Connection By Sharon A chance remark by a Swedish friend about English loan words in Swedish set me on the trail of borrowings of Swedish origin that have entered the English language. There are a few common ones: angstrom a unit of length named after a Swedish scientist flounder a type of flat fish gauntletis believed to originate from gatlopp. The expression run the gauntlet refers to a military punishment where someone would run between two rows of soldiers who would strike at hime gravlax smoked salmon lingonberry from lingon orienteering the sport that combines navigation with racing originates from Sweden smorgasbord a buffet with certain types of food; has a more general meaning in English tungsten chemical element; the name means heavy stone. There are also several words of Norwegian origin in English, including: aquavit a very alcoholic drink; the name derives from the Latin for water of life fjord a geographical formation floe an ice formation lemming a type of rodent quisling a traitor, named after Vidkun Quisling ski the equipment used for skiing slalom a downhill skiing technique featuring twists and turns Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing a Reference Letter (With Examples)Peace of Mind and A Piece of One's Mind9 Forms of the Past Tense

Social impact scholarship (MBA Scholarship) Essay

Social impact scholarship (MBA Scholarship) - Essay Example Such collaborations would entail addressing subjects like the flexibility of natural calamities and assessing the accomplishment of solar incentive initiatives. I would also tackle E-waste, deforestation, and global warming by fostering collaboration amongst interested youths on the internet. I would launch a worldwide initiative on the internet to motivate educators and students to partake in solving ecological problems. The initiative would work towards applying new technology towards dealing with critical ecological challenges like E-waste and deforestation. At the same time, the program would aid students in building skills in teamwork, critical thinking, and social accountability. Every phase of the online program would feature researchers with significant contributions in the form of peer-reviewed data. When educators begin a phase, they would link with teachers and students from other parts of the world. This way, teachers and students would form activities that enable them to partake in the fight against E-waste, deforestation, and global warming. My Hult MBA would help me further develop my social impact skills by growing my social impact opportunities. My Hult MBA would serve as a creative cross-industry collaborator that discloses new paths for change in my career. These paths in turn act as working insights of other industries, which would be revelations for me. Today, business paradigms are ever changing and the emerging of B-companies, modern startups, and cross-industry partnerships is adequate proof. With a Hult MBA, my career options for modern incorporation of business skills flourish permanently after graduation. A Hult MBA would integrate ecological issues that offer students like me an opportunity to develop social impact skills. My social impact skills would further develop through the improvement of my influence-making skills. Nonprofit organizations look for leadership, creative thinking,

Design a Risk Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Design a Risk Assessment - Assignment Example This risk assessment will therefore be done in order to assess the effect of the expansion plans that was carried out that involved installation of four new wire drawing machines and enlargement of the HCL tank. Even though the company has scheduled risk assessment plans and daily plant machine safety checks, the expansion project falls out of the scope of the scheduled plant assessments that are usually carried out at intervals as the expansion is a new thing in the company hence needing urgent assessment of the risks and how to handle them effectively. The main aim for undertaking this risk assessment is to identify the hazards and risks linked with the expansion work that was done in the wire drawing section and the galvanizing section, analyze the risks and find a solution to them. This assessment to be carried out will be specific in that it will only involve two sections of the plant: wire drawing and GIP section. The hazards in each of the two sections will be identified by four means. The first method of identifying the hazards will be to examine information about the new equipment installed in these two sections (Royer, 2004). The second means will be by consulting the employees and operators who work in these two sections so that they can help identify the potential hazardous situations in their areas of work. The third method will be to determine the potential hazards by examining the work places in the two sections under consideration. The final method will involve brainstorming as a team to help identify and think of the hazards that might be associated with the expansion work. After identifying the hazards, they will be recorded in the Hazard Summary sheet after which risk analysis will be done (Laird & Mccutcheon, 2007). The analysis and assessment done will help in coming up with the ways to counter any hazard that will be identified in the course of this

Auditing theory and practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Auditing theory and practice - Essay Example fy these weaknesses or considered as risks associated with these financial statements, we perform comparative year-on-year and ratio analyses which may be effective for us to identify possible problem areas for additional analysis and audit testing and for which we can provide other assistance. Among other: The company’s short-term debt paying ability. We analyse the company’s liquidity status, such as its current ratio is 1.28 (lower than 1.31 in 2004) but it indicates that the company should have sufficient fund to pay its short-term debts. Our calculation also indicates that the company will be able collect the amount owed by its customers, except the average day of collecting payment of 82 days (15 days longer than the previous year). This may have an affect on negative cash flow. Since the company does not have sufficient cash to meet its short-term obligations, the company may consider lengthening the time it takes to convert less liquid assets into cash. Short-term liquidity. The company’s balance sheet shows that it has negative cash balance. It is likely that the company or that the record shows that the company cannot meet its obligation. Therefore, its debt-paying ability would be the length of time it takes the company to convert its current assets into cash. The company’s balance sheet indicates a huge amount of bank overdraft. In case of necessary, the company has 2.5 times cash turnover rate (down by .89), 4.36 times of receivables turnover rate (down by .94), can recover the value of its fixed assets 51.17 (down from 56.93), and over all, 2.5 times (down from 3.2) chance to convert its assets into cash to cover bank over draft. With the absence of inventory, it may be possible that the company is having inventory obsolescence problem. Ability to meet long-term debt obligations. The company’s debt-to-equity ratio is 3.35, down from 3.97 in 2004. There is a possibility that the company would be able to raise fund through borrowing.